Miner's Massacre (2002)

If not a hidden gem, Miner's Massacre (b.k.a. Curse of the Forty-Niner) is at least something of a nugget among low-budget horror films. The film is a supernatural slasher, telling the tale of six avaricious twenty-somethings who unwittingly resurrect the eponymous prospector--the Forty-Niner--who's hellbent on posthumously protecting his accumulated fortune. Perpetually pop-eyed and given to near-constant growling, the Forty-Niner is a bit of a crock in terms of character concepts, but he does wield a pickaxe convincingly. While the script doesn't dig too deeply, the filmmaking is admirably workmanlike. The characters aren't especially likable, with an oddly-cast Final Girl and Guy who are respectively rocking short-cropped and mushroom-cut hairdos and, consequently, are begging for queer readings. The standout cast member is the stalwart redhead Rox Ann, played by softcore standby Elina Madison. She holds the viewer's attention with her down-to-earth good looks and her out-of-this-world backside, the latter of which makes a brief but memorable appearance in the buff during a brisk, efficient sex scene. I mention this not for the sheer sake of male-gazing, but rather to emphasize that Miner's Massacre does not get too distracted with overdetermined slasher tropes such as cheap nudity. Rather, director John Carl Buechler stays on-track with the plot--sending the Forty-Niner back to mineshaft-cum-hellmouth whence he came. In the process, there's even an appearance from Karen Black, which never once hurt a horror flick. All told, Miner's Massacre pans out satisfactorily, at least by the standard of those of us who moil for low-budget, low-quality horror gold. Go Forty-Niner(s)!

The Cropsey Legend in Slasher Films

The Tri-State region has long been familiar with the Cropsey urban legend, especially in New York State. Cropsey is said to be a demented drifter who wields an axe or, alternatively, has a hook for a hand. The story of Cropsey has been told to Boy Scouts and summer-camp attendees around campfires since at least the 1960s, and likely earlier. In the early 1980s, as a spate of slasher films hit theatres, the Cropsey mytheme came to life on the big screen, as well, providing narrative fodder for no less than three contributions to the subgenre.

Folklorists Lee Haring and Mark Breslerman cataloged numerous variations of the “Cropsey Maniac” legend that circulated during the mid-60s and 70s. A representative telling came from a former counselor and camper at Camp Lakota on Masten Lake near Wurtsboro, New York. It goes as follows:

George Cropsey was a judge. He had a wife and two children, all of whom he loved very much. He owned a small summer cottage along the shores of Masten Lake. His wife and children would go there for the summer months, and he would come up to visit them on weekends...One night two campers snuck away from the camp’s scheduled evening activity and went down to the lake to roast some marshmallows. The fire they built went out of control and there was a big fire on the lake. George Cropsey’s family was burnt to death. When Cropsey read the report in the newspaper, it is said he became completely white and disappeared from his home. Two weeks later one of the campers from Lakota was found near the lake chopped to death with an ax. There was talk of closing the camp for the remainder of the summer but they didn’t.

The camp owners insisted upon constant supervision of the campers, there were state troopers posted in the area, and each counselor slept with either a knife, an ax, or a rifle. One night at about three in the morning, one of the counselors was awakened by the screams of one of his campers. He put his flashlight in the direction of the screams and saw his camper bleeding to death, and, standing over him, a man with chalk-white hair, red bloodshot eyes, and swinging a long, bloody ax. When the maniac saw the light, he ran from the bunk, but the counselor chopped at his leg with the hatchet he was armed with. The man got away but left a trail of blood into the woods. The state troopers were called, and followed the trail into the woods. They called to Cropsey to surrender, but all they heard was a crazed laughter. They determined his position, and when he would not give himself up, they built a circle of fire around him. When the fire had subsided, they searched the woods for his remains but could find nothing. The police closed the file on George Cropsey, assuming him to be dead. 

It is said that on the evening of the anniversary of the death of Judge Cropsey’s family, you can see the shadow of a man limping along the shores of Masten Lake (Haring & Breslerman 1977, 15-16).

In some versions, Cropsey screams “I’ll have my revenge” (1977, 19). Cropsey generally works in a socially prominent profession (1977, 15). In the version above and in others, the death that sets the tale in motion is consistently accidental. Some alternative tellings have Cropsey’s offspring drowning: in one case, his only child meets this fate while boating with one of the campers; in another case, his daughter drowns during a cookout (1977, 17).

The makers of the initial Friday the 13th film drew upon the motif of a drowning child and a vengeful parent in formulating the central premise for their 1980 carpetbagger slasher. In this case the parent is a mother, Pamela Voorhees, whose hydrocephalic son, Jason, drowned while counsellors remained oblivious, allegedly caught up in romantic dalliances. The Cropsey legend more obviously informs the 1981 sequel, Friday the 13th Part 2, specifically in conceptualizing Jason. In early stages of the film, a senior counsellor tells the tale of Jason around a campfire:

I don’t want to scare anyone. But I’m gonna give it to you straight about Jason. His body was never recovered from the lake after he drowned. The old-timers in town will tell you he’s still out there, some sort of demented creature, surviving in the wilderness. Full grown by now. Stalking...stealing what he needs, living off wild animals and vegetation. Some folks claim they’ve seen him, right in this area. The girl who survived that night at Camp Blood, that Friday the 13th...she claims she saw him. She disappeared two months later. Vanished. Blood was everywhere. No-one knows what happened to her. Legend has it that Jason saw his mother beheaded that night, and he took his revenge. A revenge he’ll continue to seek if anyone enters his wilderness again. By now, I guess you all know we’re the first to return here. Five years...five long years he’s been dormant. And he’s hungry. Jason’s out there...watching. Always on the prowl for intruders. Waiting to kill. Waiting to devour. Thirsty for young blood (Kurz 1981).

At this point, the story is interrupted when a screaming, emaciated man jumps out of the woods brandishing a spear. The intruder is quickly revealed to be the jokester among the campers wearing a caveman mask. While there are some points of departure from the more standardized narrative, the filmmakers have drawn upon the Cropsey legend in imagining Jason as a denizen of the woods dead-set on revenge for a family member.

The Burning, another 1981 slasher film, draws directly from the Cropsey myth. Indeed, it employs the name of the legendary maniac for its main character, albeit with an alternate spelling of “Cropsy.” Released within a month of Friday the 13th Part 2, the film contains a comparable campfire scene where a senior counsellor relates the Cropsy story:

There was a camp not far from here, just across the lake. It was called Camp Blackfoot. No one goes there anymore. Everything burned down. There’s nothing left, except the ruins. Now this camp had a caretaker, a really evil bastard. And his name was Cropsy. Everyone hated Cropsy. For a start, he was a drunk. Two bottles of whiskey a day, no problem. Like, most of the time he was somewhere out in space, but if he caught you, look out! Because Cropsy could strip the paint off the walls, just by breathing on them. Now this Cropsy was a sadist. I mean, he got real pleasure out of hurting people, scaring them. And he had these garden shears,you know? The kind with long thin blades. And he carried them all the time, wherever he went. And he had this kind of demonic way of looking at you. One time, this Cropsy really went after this kid from Brooklyn. Followed him around night and day. He made this kid’s life a living hell. But this time he chose the wrong guy. Because the kid and some of his buddies had planned a little prank that would scare the living shit out of Cropsy. Only problem was, the gag went wrong. The next thing anyone knows, Cropsy’s trapped alive and burning in his bunk. They try to get him out but the fire’s so fierce they can’t reach him. All they can do is stand outside, and listen to him cry out in agony. They say he smashed his way through the bunkroom door, just a mass of flames. And as he screamed out, burned alive, he cried out, "I will return. I will have my revenge." They never found his body. He survived. He lives on whatever he can catch. Eats them raw. Alive. No longer human. Right now, he’s out there. Watching. Waiting. Don’t look, he’ll see you. Don’t move, he’ll hear you. Don’t breathe...You’re dead! (Weinstein & Lawrence 1981).

The burning incident described in this story has already been depicted in the film’s opening scene, though the revenge-related utterance has been interpolated by the storyteller. Here again, Cropsy has become a savage, at least in the nested narrative; in the main diegetic narrative, the actual Cropsy is a burn victim dead-set on settling the score. After the plot resolves itself and the murderous Cropsy is fully consumed by flame (as per standardized tellings), the film closes by dissolving to another telling around another campfire, with another group of campers and counselors:

They never found his body but they say his spirit lives in the forest. This forest. A maniac, a thing no longer human. They say he lives on whatever he can catch. Eats them raw, alive maybe. And every year he picks on a summer camp and seeks his revenge for the terrible things those kids did to him. Every year he kills. Right now, he’s out there. Watching. Waiting. So don’t look, he’ll see you. Don’t breathe, he’ll hear you. Don’t move, you’re dead! (Weinstein & Lawrence 1981).

The story has evolved, as Cropsy is now fully inhuman, persisting as a vengeful wraith with super-sensory omniscience.

Madman, another slasher film being made concurrently with The Burning at the dawn of the 80s, was also premised on the Cropsey legend. In fact, Madman’s Cropsey-related elements resembled The Burning’s so closely that its production team had to alter numerous elements of the film, which delayed its release until 1982. Nonetheless, the film provides yet another cinematic retelling of a Cropsey variant, opening with yet another campfire scene, and a camp supervisor of advanced age spinning a yarn for the campers and counselors:

My story deals with a man who used to live in that old dilapidated house behind those trees. We’re not supposed to be this close to it because many strange things happen around here. He was a farmer with his family, wife and two children. He was an evil man. Ugly and mean. He’d beat his wife. Brutally punish his children. He’d drink at the tavern and...Fight all the time. He once had a piece of his nose bitten off in a brawl and didn’t feel a thing. It was a night like tonight. Many, many years ago. Wait a minute, now that I think about it, it was the same night as tonight. The woods, quiet and dark. The farmer, for no apparent reason, went stark raving mad. He walked into his bedroom with an axe in his hand and chopped his sleeping wife into little pieces. Then with his bloodlust awakened, he walked down the hall to his son’s room and took an axe to him, but he still wasn’t finished. He walked across the hall to his daughter’s room. And without so much as a word, he chopped her into little pieces too. Then he calmly walked into the tavern, lifted the bloody axe onto the bar, and ordered himself a beer. Well it wasn’t long before the town found out what happened, and when it did, it was all over for the mad farmer, or so they thought. Ten men jumped him and dragged him screaming to the nearest tree, where they quickly looped a thick rope around his neck and hoisted him high into the air. One of them grabbed the bloody axe and swung it at the farmer’s head leaving a deep, bloody gash at the side of his face. They left him there hanging for dead. Next morning, when they went to cut him down, he was gone. It was then they noticed the bodies of his wife and children were missing. And their bodies have never been found. [...] [O]n certain nights, when the moon is full, he’s out there stalking in the woods. Searching for people so he can chop their heads off with an axe. Or hang them from a tree. [...] I have a good reason I haven’t told you his name. A very good reason. You see, it is said also that if you say his name above a whisper in the woods, he will hear you because he can be anywhere anytime. And if he hears you call his name, he’ll come for you. And if he comes for you, he’ll get you. One by one, you’ll start to fall before night’s over. [...] His name is Madman Marz. His name is Marz. Madman Marz. [...] No one is safe in the woods tonight. Anyone alone in the woods. You can’t hear him, you can’t see him. You smell his odor of death, and you turn around, and suddenly this horribly mutilated face stares down at you. It’s the last thing you see before zap! Off goes your head (Giannone 1982).

Again, the Cropsey analogue has inherited a supernatural power. And while he is said to inhabit a house, he maintains a ferality that is even more obvious than Jason’s or Cropsy’s, as he is depicted onscreen as shoeless, with claw-like fingernails and toenails. As he stalks his victims, he makes unmodulated chirrups and groans. His beard and hair are dishevelled and stark white, much like the features ascribed to Cropsey.

Not only did Friday the 13th, The Burning, and Madman appropriate and reiterate the Cropsey legend, but they also crystallized certain elements in the process of spurring on its evolvement. Visually, the Cropsey analogues of Jason, Cropsy, and Madman Marz solidified the demented drifter of the Tri-State area as facially disfigured (hydrocephalic, burnt, and scarred, respectively). Moreover, they are no longer imagined as having been prominent figures in their communities; rather, they are quite the opposite. These on-screen analogues were all established as atavistic, having reverted to a near-troglodytic state. Most notably, perhaps, the films attributed their Cropsey-inspired madmen with supernatural sensory powers or a spiritual ontological status that was theretofore only hinted at in the standardized campfire narrative itself. Haring and Breslerman’s sources did not describe Cropsey as a “ghost” (1977, 20). The ur-Cropsey* of urban legend was motivated primarily by vengeful psychosis, and not the supernatural capacities hinted at by the end of The Burning, from the outset of Madman, and in Friday the 13th Part VI and beyond. All told, all three films re-inscribe the Cropsey narrative via performance around the campfire, blurring the boundaries of legends diegetic and authentic, providing a regionally characteristic frisson, and then projecting it to a transregional audience.

NOTES:

*With the release of the 2009 documentary Cropsey, there has been increased discussion of the “real” Cropsey. This has been fueled by details surrounding convicted kidnapper Andre Rand, who subsisted during a period of homelessness in wooded areas of Staten Island. This has led many online sources to conclude that Rand was the source of the Cropsey legend. This is untenable for any number of reasons, perhaps most notably the fact that tellings of the Cropsey legend predate Rand’s known criminal activity, which began in 1972.

"Jay North as He Stands in Relation to Rage and the Tragedy Margin" - Will Bernardara Jr.

Jay North, everybody

The highlight of the July 2019 issue of the Los Angeles Review of Los Angeles (LAROLA, to its familiars) is Will Bernardara Jr.'s "Jay North as He Stands in Relation to Rage and the Tragedy Margin." This short fiction provides a snippet from the life of Jay North, the actor who played Dennis the Menace, as a grown man in 1980s Burbank. In Bernadara Jr.'s imagining, North has been reduced to a shut-in's life, and spends his days watching slasher films on VHS and eating constant junk food (e.g. Dingdongs and Tostitos). Bernardara Jr.'s fiction aptly captures the emptiness of child stardom post-childhood and, more generally, that of the 1980s in the United States. The prose is evocative from start to finish, though Bernardara Jr. occasionally goes heavy-handed when representing Jay North's addled thoughts, leaning heavily on all-caps descriptions and psychotic-for-the-sake-of-psychotic visions. Sentences such as "BABYLON BABIES [...] BURN YOUR FACES OFF WITH A BLOWTORCH" abound. While more than a little bit silly, these images have a somewhat jarring effect, which ultimately serve the atmosphere of the piece, and so I make mention of these authorial decisions not as a measure of critique. Towards a more pointed critique, I would bring up the notion of the slasher film as the go-to, presumptive "totally nihilistic" genre of cinema. Indeed, as Bernardara Jr. writes, "now those relatively tame pictures don’t satisfy him [Jay North] the way the slasher movies do. He needs the grungy viscerals, the spurting blood, the savagery of ‘80s basement-horror to feed whatever elemental thing rages inside him." Slasher films aren't necessarily the optimal shorthand for nihilistic violence. By contrast, many 80s slashers rely on the quick, stylized, and almost bloodless kill, where murder is a hit-and-run affair. Indeed, the movies Bernardara Jr. puts in North's regular rotation include The Prowler, Visiting Hours, and Sweet Sixteen, all of which follow from this formula. All are competent slashers (or, in the case of Visiting Hours, the psychological-profile sort of pseudo-slasher), but none are particularly mean-spirited. By contrast, I personally would have had North watching exploitation films: Cannibal Holocaust, Nightmares in a Damaged Brain, and perhaps even Salome. In these films, torture, death, and brutality do not pass by the viewer's eyes hastily. The murder scenes are almost meditative, and this, I would imagine, would even better suit the subjectivity of a former child star. True-to-form early-80s slashers films just don't deliver the unexpurgated savagery that these pure exploitation films do. The violent exploitation flick, then, is a better signifier for filmic nihilism than the slasher. The only classically exploitative slasher Bernardara Jr. includes in Jay North's lineup is Pieces (though we might consider The Mutilator among these as well). With all that being said, I would concede that exploitation films are more 42nd Street New York than Burbank, California, and so Bernardara Jr. is all-in-all justified in his choice of the slasher. Certainly, my quibble stems from a minor peccadillo at best—Bernardara's fiction delivers solidly, and his vision of Jay North's life is a recommended read from an author to look out for in the future.

Black Cloud

The first time I read Juliet Escoria's Black Cloud was just after its release in 2014. At first blush, I was dazzled by Escoria's punky, sexy goth-girl aura. It was as if a Suicide Girl had written a novel(la). Certainly, Escoria's online profile, which featured the author splayed in all manner of suggestive poses, contributed to this vibe. Even more appealing was Escoria's sparse prose tinctured with an almost exultant hurt, not to mention the ease with which she could intersperse disaffected sex scenes in her narratives. Straddling New York and L.A. cityscapes, she conjured (for me, at least) the portrait of a young woman enigmatically capering in bob-cuts and chokers between cosmopolitan mis-en-scenes. She was, in 2014, the kind of girl I wanted to connect with in mutual ennui, and in my first read-through, I felt as if this was happening. In short, Juliet Escoria was a fantasy.

The second time I read Black Cloud by Juliet Escoria (that is, Juliet Scum, for non-Spanish speakers) was just last week. This time around, I saw the book more clearly for what it is: the stark, uncompromising account of an addict and her personal undoing(s). It is not sexy at all. Why would we expect it to be? On the contrary, Black Cloud catalogues a deep lack of fulfillment with relationships on levels sexual, emotional, and existential. It is about being jerked around by fellow addicts, finding only bottomless hollows in boyfriends, girlfriends, family, and everyone in between. "Connecting" with anyone is, as per Escoria's work, all but impossible; sex, drugs and, hell, even wholesome pursuits all lead to dead-ends. 

Juliet Escoria is no fantasy. Her capacity for tracing the emptiness of addiction (and the wider world outside it) is about as real as it gets. Hopefully other readers will get that on their first read-through. I suppose my recent re-reading is inflected with post-#MeToo sensibilities. More palpably, I think it indexes my own growth--or my own giving up--and the solace that comes with it. I don't know if Juliet Escoria has grown up or given up or what, but I hope she's found some kind of solace, too.